Política de Cotas Raciais no Brasil e a Teoria Ator-rede

uma análise das controvérsias

Abstract

Affirmative action aims to promote social equity by ensuring opportunities for historically marginalized groups. In Brazil, the debate on affirmative action dates back to the 1960s when experts from the Superior Labor Court advocated for a law to promote racial inclusion in the job market. Although it was not approved, the proposal influenced later initiatives, such as Bill 1,332/1983, which sought compensatory measures for Afro-Brazilians but was rejected by Congress. In 1995, the first national quota policy was established, setting minimum percentages for female candidates in political parties. The controversy over racial quotas involves various actors, including academics, politicians, jurists, statisticians, and the mainstream media, highlighting its complexity. This study uses Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to analyze how this complexity has shaped the understanding of quotas in Brazil. ANT allows for an examination of these constantly interacting elements, demonstrating that affirmative action policies are dynamic and unstable, shaped by multiple actors and influences. Thus, the research seeks to elucidate how these disputes define the implementation and challenges of affirmative action in the country. The study concludes that the racial quota policy in Brazil remains unstable, influenced by both supporters and opponents. The main controversies revolve around the definition of beneficiaries, fraud in the selection process, impacts on education, and the prioritization of racial criteria over economic ones. These issues demonstrate that, even after years of implementation, quotas are not a consolidated fact; they are continuously shaped by legislation, politicians, media, and statistics, reflecting ongoing tensions.